THE INFINITIVE

A C T I V E   V O I C E
Exercise1. Read, analyse and remember:

TO DO

1 It was pleasant to speak to him.
2 The teacher asked the pupil to open the window.

Глагол в форме indefinite infinitive показывает, что действие, выраженное им, одновременно действию, выраженному глаголом - сказуемым (1), или следует за ним (2).

TO BE DOING

1 Where are the children? - They are supposed to be swimming.
2 It was a real pleasure to be swimming in the sea.

Глагол в форме continuous infinitive употребляется, чтобы подчеркнуть, что действие, выраженное им, находится в процессе его совершения и происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым.
Сравните: It was pleasant to speak to him. - It was pleasant to be speaking to him.

TO HAVE DONE

1 It is very nice of you to have come.
2 I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

Глагол в форме perfect infinitive показывает, что действие, выраженное им, предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.
Сравните:
When meeting a person, you may say,"I'm pleased to meet you. "
When leaving a person, you may say,"I'm pleased to have met you. "

Примечание:
Perfect infinitive после глаголов to expect, to mean, to hope, стоящих в past indefinife, означает, что действие, которое ожидалось, не произошло.
I'm very sorry. I hoped to have come in time.
Простите, я надеялся прийти вовремя (но не сумел).

TO HAVE BEEN DOING

1 You seem to have been doing this work too long.
2 You look so tired. You seem to have been working hard for a long time.

Глагол в форме perfect continuous infinitive употребляется, чтобы подчеркнуть, что речь идет о действии в предшествующем периоде и в процессе его совершения.

Сравните:
a) Where are the children ? - They are supposed to be working in the garden.
b) It was very hot. It was hard to have been working in the garden since morning.
c) It is very nice of you to have done this hard work for me.

Примечание:
В примере (а) - to be working - речь идет о действии в определенный момент его протекания (в тот момент, когда спрашивают о детях - Where are the children?).
В примере (b) - to have been working - речь идет о действии не в какой-то один конкретный момент его протекания, а о действии как совершавшемся процессе, происходившем в предшествующем периоде (since morning).
В примере (с) - to have done - речь идет о действии не только предшествовавшем, но и завершившемся к моменту речи.

P A S S I V E   V O I C E

TO BE DONE

1 Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet.
2 This poem is too long to be learned by heart in such a short period of time.

Сравните:
Active Infinitive
Man has always wanted to discover the secrets of Nature.
The parents were happy to have taken their children to the Zoo.
Passive Infinitive
Nature has still many secrets to be discovered.
The children were delighted to have been taken to the Zoo.

TO HAVE BEEN DONE

1 The children were delighted to have been taken to the Zoo.
2 He was happy to have been given the part of Hamlet.

В основном используется indefinite infinitive, реже - passive infinitive, perfect infinitive u continuous infinitive.